Topology optimization is able to provide unintuitive and innovative design solutions and a performance improvement (e.g. weight savings) in excess of 50% is not uncommonly demonstrated in a wide range of engineering design problems. With the rise of advance materials and additive manufacturing, topology optimization is attracting much attention in the recent years. This presentation will introduce some of the latest developments in topology optimization. They will include the recent advances in decades-long challenge problems in topology optimization such as traditional stress constraints as well as the multiscale design optimization breaking down the barrier between material and structural designs. I will also discuss the latest efforts in topology optimization for multidisciplinary design problems, i.e. aeroelastic wing. These efforts represent a pathway to applying topology optimization for complex multiphysics multifunctional structures, which may be too complex to rely on designers’ intuition. The presentation will end with the vision for future engineering design where complex coupled multiscale and multifunctional system designs are assisted and enabled by topology optimization.